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TECH

December 19, 2024

Most popular programming languages in 2024

As 2024 comes to an end it is time to look back at an eventful year in the IT landscape. AI is again writing headlines together with other cutting-edge technologies such as cybersecurity and cloud infrastructure. Following these technology trends, there has also been a shift in popular programming languages.

For example, the widely recognized ChatGPT—now virtually synonymous with AI—was primarily developed using Python. This close relationship between programming language popularity and technology trends underscores why it’s essential to monitor which languages are thriving.

To provide a clearer picture, we will in this article share valuable insights from the TIOBE Index, which publishes data on the popularity of programming languages, and why this website is relevant to follow for the latest programming trends in 2024.

TIOBE Index

The TIOBE Index

In this section, we will give a short introduction to the TIOBE Index published by TIOBE Software once a month. The index shows the most popular programming languages month by month and has received great acknowledgment from tech communities.
By measuring a given language’s presence across a variety of search engines and technology resources.
In other words, the TIOBE Index tracks the frequency and visibility of each language online. As a result, it offers an objective snapshot of how widely used, referenced, and discussed these languages are worldwide. This makes it an invaluable resource for developers, learners, and businesses evaluating which languages to adopt or invest in.

How the TIOBE Index Is Defined

The TIOBE Index evaluates popularity primarily through the number of search hits related to a particular programming language. Data is aggregated from about 25 authoritative sources, including major search engines and platforms like Google, Wikipedia, Bing, Microsoft, SharePoint, eBay, and Amazon.
By using search hits as a proxy for visibility, the index effectively benchmarks how much attention and usage each programming language garners. Keep in mind that the TIOBE Index isn’t a direct measure of a language’s technical superiority or quality. Rather, it reflects factors such as market trends, developer interest, educational resources, and the availability of vendor support and training.
Moreover, the methodology behind the TIOBE Index is standardized and consistently applied every month. This systematic approach helps track changes in programming language popularity over time. It offers a clear view of the evolving developer ecosystem, showing where the market is today and where it might go in the future.

2024 Programming Language Popularity Ranking

Now, let’s dive into the latest data from the TIOBE Index to explore the most popular programming languages as of December 2024. Before presenting the full top 50 list, let’s take a closer look at the top 10 contenders in the program language ranking.

At the forefront, Python, in first place, stands as the dominant leader with the highest popularity. As of December 2024, Python leads with a 23.84% rating, far ahead of second-place C++ at 10.82%. Python's dominance stems from its key role in AI, machine learning, and data science, along with its use in web development, automation, and infrastructure management. Its versatility has made it an industry standard.

C++, in second place, maintains a steady rating above 10%. Its enduring popularity comes from its unmatched performance capabilities—essential for system-level development, game engines, and embedded systems. Meanwhile, Java (9.72%) and C (9.10%), occupying the third and fourth spots respectively, remain fundamental workhorses in enterprise systems and mission-critical embedded environments. Their longstanding presence reflects stable, long-term demand across numerous industrial sectors.

In fifth place, C# (4.87%) retains support due to its integration with the .NET ecosystem, Azure services, and game development platforms like Unity. JavaScript (4.61%) stands firmly in sixth place, underscoring its role as the go-to language for front-end web development. With the support of TypeScript and other modern frameworks, JavaScript’s influence shows no signs of waning.

Go (2.17%), ranked seventh, continues to gain traction as a core language for cloud-native services and microservice architectures, leveraging efficient concurrency and a lightweight runtime. SQL (1.99%), in eighth place, remains an unshakable pillar of data-driven enterprises, powering databases and ensuring essential data operations. Visual Basic (1.96%) in ninth place, while older and more niche, still satisfies certain legacy system demands and specialized internal tools. Rounding out the top 10, Fortran (1.79%) persists as a hidden champion in scientific and high-performance computing (HPC) scenarios.

Overall, we see a landscape dominated by Python’s meteoric rise, stable performances from time-tested giants like C/C++/Java, and strong footholds for languages like Go and SQL that excel in specific domains. As we move into 2025, generative AI and cloud-native technologies are set to change which programming languages are most popular. It's important for businesses, developers, and learners to keep up with these trends to stay ahead.

Below is the list of the top 50 programming languages in the 2024 programming language popularity ranking.

2024 Programming Language Popularity Ranking TOP50

Ranking	Programming Language	Ratings
1	Python	23.84%
2	C++	10.82%
3	Java	9.72%
4	C	9.10%
5	C#	4.87%
6	JavaScript	4.61%
7	Go	2.17%
8	SQL	1.99%
9	Visual Basic	1.96%
10	Fortran	1.79%
11	Delphi/Object Pascal	1.44%
12	PHP	1.39%
13	Scratch	1.33%
14	Rust	1.29%
15	MATLAB	1.09%
16	R	1.05%
17	Assembly language	1.04%
18	Ruby	1.03%
19	COBOL	0.98%
20	Swift	0.98%
21	Lisp	0.97%
22	Prolog	0.90%
23	Kotlin	0.82%
24	Ada	0.72%
25	Classic Visual Basic	0.70%
26	Perl	0.64%
27	Lua	0.64%
28	SAS	0.57%
29	(Visual) FoxPro	0.57%
30	Haskell	0.54%
31	Scala	0.51%
32	Julia	0.50%
33	Dart	0.47%
34	VBScript	0.41%
35	Objective-C	0.38%
36	Transact-SQL	0.37%
37	PowerShell	0.37%
38	Bash	0.33%
39	PL/SQL	0.27%
40	D	0.21%
41	Solidity	0.20%
42	TypeScript	0.20%
43	GAMS	0.20%
44	ABAP	0.19%
45	Awk	0.17%
46	X++	0.16%
47	RPG	0.15%
48	Elixir	0.15%
49	ML	0.14%
50	Clojure	0.14%

2024 Monthly Trends in Programming Language Popularity

Next, let’s examine the monthly rating changes throughout 2024. The year’s TIOBEs index data suggests that programming language popularity evolved significantly along multiple dimensions—ranging from specialized niche demands to the steadfast stability of legacy languages. By analyzing these month-by-month trends, we gain deeper insights into how these languages adapted and surged in response to industry needs.

2024 Monthly Trends in Programming Language Popularity

Programming Language	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Python	13.97%	15.16%	15.63%	16.41%	16.33%	15.39%	16.12%	18.04%	20.17%	21.90%	22.85%	23.84%
C++	9.96%	10.53%	10.70%	9.76%	9.53%	10.03%	10.34%	10.04%	10.75%	11.60%	10.64%	10.82%
Java	7.87%	8.88%	8.95%	8.94%	8.69%	8.40%	8.59%	9.16%	9.45%	10.51%	9.60%	9.72%
C	11.44%	10.97%	11.17%	10.21%	9.98%	9.23%	9.48%	9.17%	8.89%	8.38%	9.01%	9.10%
C#	7.16%	7.53%	7.54%	6.77%	6.49%	6.65%	6.72%	6.39%	6.08%	5.62%	4.98%	4.87%
JavaScript	2.77%	3.17%	3.38%	2.89%	3.01%	3.32%	3.79%	3.91%	3.92%	3.54%	3.71%	4.61%
Go	1.38%	1.73%	1.56%	1.85%	1.60%	1.93%	2.19%	2.03%	2.35%	2.02%	2.35%	2.17%
SQL	1.46%	1.82%	1.92%	1.61%	1.44%	1.75%	2.04%	2.21%	1.94%	1.64%	1.94%	1.99%
Visual Basic	1.60%	1.52%	1.42%	1.70%	2.01%	1.66%	2.08%	2.18%	2.70%	2.35%	1.95%	1.96%
Fortran	1.09%	1.40%	1.22%	1.47%	1.24%	1.53%	2.05%	1.79%	1.78%	1.80%	1.97%	1.79%

Python: Dominating AI & Data Science

Python’s ascent in 2024 is nothing short of extraordinary. From 13.97% in January to 23.84% in December, the language saw a roughly 10-point surge. Backed by a powerful ecosystem of machine learning frameworks, large language models (LLMs), and comprehensive libraries, Python’s role in AI, data science, and cloud-based development positioned it as the undisputed market leader. Its extensive toolkit, ease of learning, and productivity gains create a virtuous cycle that further cements its standing atop the program language ranking.

C++, Java, and C: Evolving Foundations

Occupying the tier right behind Python, C++ (10.82%), Java (9.72%), and C (9.10%) maintained their prominence in 2024. C++ enjoyed stable demand in performance-critical areas such as systems software and embedded development. Java preserved its reputation as a trusted enterprise workhorse, adapting to cloud-native and microservices architectures and reliably holding its share in the high single digits. While C’s share dipped slightly, it remains indispensable for operating systems, firmware, and other low-level applications.

C# and JavaScript: Specialized Ecosystems and Mixed Fortunes

C# dropped from 7.16% to 4.87% over the year, facing competition from Python and rising languages like JavaScript, though it remains important in enterprise software and game development. JavaScript, meanwhile, ended the year strong at 4.61%.

With web applications only growing more complex, JavaScript remains a cornerstone of front-end development. Its synergy with TypeScript and modern frameworks ensures it retains a central role in shaping the user experience on the web.

Overall, the TIOBE Index in 2024 highlights a dynamic, multifaceted ecosystem where established players, emerging challengers, and specialized solutions coexist. From the unstoppable rise of Python to the steady core of C/C++/Java and the evolving fortunes of languages like C# and JavaScript, this year’s data offers a revealing snapshot of the most popular programming languages and the forces that drive their continued transformation.

Conclusion

In this article, we have explored the latest rankings of programming language popularity as of December 2024, drawing on data from the TIOBE Index. We also examined how these rankings and ratings shifted throughout the year. Summarizing 2024’s trends, it’s clear that Python—empowered by the surging AI and data science revolution—has emerged as the undisputed “ace” language of this era.

Looking back on the entire year, we see a landscape marked by Python’s dramatic surge, the steady resilience of legacy languages like C, C++, and Java, and the evolving roles of languages like C#, JavaScript, Go, and SQL.
This dynamic environment reflects an industry continually adapting to the demands of AI, cloud-native architectures, and specialized domains.
Heading into 2025, the programming landscape continues to evolve, with Python maintaining its dominance, C# facing pressure from competitors, and languages like JavaScript and Go gaining traction. By staying informed on these trends, developers, enterprises, and learners can adapt to shifts in technology and remain ready for the next wave of innovations.

About ISB VIETNAM

At ISB Vietnam (IVC), we praise the fast-changing programming trends and understand the importance of partnering with a trustworthy company that understands the evolving tech landscape and has needed expertise to navigate through it. As a leading software development and offshore services provider, we specialize in delivering high-quality and cost-efficient solutions for our partners for the past 20 years.
For any inquiries related to IT Outsourcing Solutions, we are the right partner.
Don’t hesitate to contact us to discuss how we can work together to make your project a success.

TECH

December 7, 2024

CakePHP 4: How to implement authorization.

In the previous sections, I introduced how to create a login feature for a website developed based on the CakePHP framework.

CakePHP 4: How to Create a Login Function.

CakePHP 4: How to Create a Token-Based Login Function.

In this article, I introduce how to implement authorization in an application using the CakePHP framework by utilizing the Authorization plugin.

1, Installation

We install the plugin with composer using the command below:
php composer.phar require "cakephp/authorization:^2.0"
The Authorization plugin integrates with the CakePHP application as both a middleware layer and a component to easily check authorization. In src/Application.php, implement the AuthorizationServiceProviderInterface interface and implement the getAuthorizationService() function as shown below.

class Application extends BaseApplication implements AuthenticationServiceProviderInterface, AuthorizationServiceProviderInterface
{
    /**
    * getAuthenticationService
    * @param ServerRequestInterface $request
    */
   public function getAuthorizationService(ServerRequestInterface $request): AuthorizationServiceInterface
   {
       $resolver = new OrmResolver();
       return new AuthorizationService($resolver);
   }
}

In the bootstrap() function, add the plugin as shown below:

/**
* Load all the application configuration and bootstrap logic.
*
* @return void
*/
public function bootstrap(): void
{
// Call parent to load bootstrap from files.
parent::bootstrap();

// …

// Load more plugins here
$this->addPlugin('Authentication');
$this->addPlugin('Authorization');
}

In the middleware() function, add the AuthorizationMiddleware.

/**
* Setup the middleware queue your application will use.
*
* @param \Cake\Http\MiddlewareQueue $middlewareQueue The middleware queue to setup.
* @return \Cake\Http\MiddlewareQueue The updated middleware queue.
*/
public function middleware(MiddlewareQueue $middlewareQueue): MiddlewareQueue
{
$middlewareQueue
// …
->add(new BodyParserMiddleware())

->add(new AuthenticationMiddleware($this))
->add(new AuthorizationMiddleware($this));

return $middlewareQueue;
}

In src/Controller/AppController.php, load the Authorization component in the initialize() function.

class AppController extends Controller
{
/**
* Initialization hook method.
*
* Use this method to add common initialization code like loading components.
*
* e.g. `$this->loadComponent('FormProtection');`
*
* @return void
*/
public function initialize(): void
{
parent::initialize();
// …

$this->loadComponent('Authentication.Authentication');
$this->loadComponent('Authorization.Authorization', [
'skipAuthorization' => [
'login','webLogin', 'logout' // functions do not need to check authorization.
]
]);
}
}

2, Policies.

Policies are classes that resolve permissions for a given object. These classes will be stored in the src/Policy directory. We can generate a policy class for an entity or table using CakePHP's bake.

# Create an entity policy
bin/cake bake policy --type entity Article

# Create a table policy
bin/cake bake policy --type table Articles

3, Implement.

In this article, I will implement API authorization requirements in the table below using policy.

Title	endpoints	remark
Update an Article (PUT)	/api/articles/{id}.json	Can only be used by authenticated article writer users.
See like count on an article(GET)	/api/articles/{article_id}/likes.json	All users can see like count on an article.

For the API Update an Article (PUT), can only be used by authenticated article writer users. We check if the logged-in user is the owner of the article to determine the edit permissions.

class ArticlePolicy
{
// …

/**
* Check if $user can edit Article
*
* @param \Authorization\IdentityInterface $user The user.
* @param \App\Model\Entity\Article $article
* @return bool
*/
public function canEdit(IdentityInterface $user, Article $article): Result
{
$isAuthor = $this->isAuthor($user, $article);
if ($isAuthor) {
return new Result(true);
}
return new Result(false, 'Permission denied');
}

protected function isAuthor(IdentityInterface $user, Article $article)
{
return $user->getIdentifier() === $article->user_id;
}

}

For the API See like count on an article(GET), all users can see like count on an article. In the LikePolicy class, the canView() function returns true so that all users can see the number of likes on the article.

/**
* Likes policy
*/
class LikesPolicy
{
/**
* Check if $user can view Likes
*
* @param \Authorization\IdentityInterface $user The user.
* @param \App\Model\Entity\Likes $likes
* @return bool
*/
public function canView(IdentityInterface $user, Likes $likes)
{
return true;
}
}

4, Testing.

For the API Update an Article (PUT), update the article with the user as the owner.

For the API Update an Article (PUT), update the article with a user who is not the owner. The expected result is that the article will not be updated.

For the API See like count on an article(GET), check with a user who is not logged in.

For the API See like count on an article(GET), check with a logged-in user who is not the owner.

You can find the complete source code at: https://github.com/ivc-phampbt/cakephp-authentication

Conclusion

I hope this article helps you understand how CakePHP integrates with the Authorization plugin to implement authorization and can be applied to projects related to CakePHP.

References

https://book.cakephp.org/authorization/2/en/index.html

https://www.rockersinfo.com/php-frameworks/cakephp-development-company/ [Image]

TECH

December 7, 2024

Introduction About SOAP API

SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) is a protocol used to exchange structured information between systems over a network. It is based on XML and provides a way for applications to communicate using standard messaging formats. SOAP was designed with a focus on reliability, security, and extensibility, making it an excellent choice for enterprise-level applications. Despite being older than other web service protocols like REST, SOAP is still widely used in critical systems that require robust features.

What is SOAP?

SOAP is a protocol that defines a set of rules for structuring messages and allows communication between applications over different platforms and programming languages. A SOAP message is always an XML document, and it follows a strict structure that includes an envelope, header, body, and optionally, a fault element for error handling.

Key components of a SOAP message:

Envelope: The outermost part of the message, which contains all other elements.
Header: Contains metadata, such as authentication or routing information.
Body: The main content of the message, where the actual data is stored.
Fault: A part of the message for reporting errors, useful for debugging and issue resolution.

SOAP can work over various transport protocols like HTTP, SMTP, or JMS, and it is known for its reliability and security features, making it suitable for complex, transactional, and high-security applications.

When to use SOAP?

SOAP is particularly suited for scenarios that require high levels of security, reliability, and formal contracts between client and server. Here are some specific cases when SOAP is the ideal choice:

Enterprise Systems: SOAP is perfect for large-scale, mission-critical applications in industries such as banking, finance, or healthcare, where security and data integrity are essential. For example, SOAP is often used in payment processing systems, where transactions must be secure, reliable, and auditable.
Transactional Systems: SOAP supports ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) properties, making it ideal for applications that require guaranteed message delivery, such as financial transactions, stock trading systems, and order processing systems.
Systems with Complex Security Requirements: SOAP has built-in security standards like WS-Security for message encryption, integrity, and authentication. This makes it suitable for applications in sectors such as government, healthcare, or defense, where data confidentiality and security are paramount. For example, SOAP is used in systems where encrypted communication is needed for the transmission of sensitive data.

Advantages of SOAP

High Security: SOAP supports WS-Security, which includes features like encryption, authentication, and message integrity, making it ideal for sensitive data transmission.
Reliability: SOAP supports WS-ReliableMessaging, ensuring that messages are delivered reliably, even in the event of network failure.
Extensibility: SOAP is highly extensible, allowing developers to build additional features such as transaction management, security, and messaging patterns.
Error Handling: SOAP has a built-in error-handling mechanism through the <fault> element, making it easier to identify and resolve issues in communication.
Formal Contracts: SOAP services are often described using WSDL (Web Services Description Language), which defines the service's structure and operations, ensuring that both the client and server understand the contract.

Disadvantages of SOAP

Complexity: SOAP messages are verbose due to their XML-based format, making them more complex and harder to work with compared to simpler protocols like REST.
Performance: The XML format adds overhead, making SOAP less efficient than other protocols, especially when large volumes of data need to be transferred.
Limited Flexibility: SOAP is rigid in its structure and requires developers to adhere to its strict rules, making it less flexible compared to REST, which is more lightweight and adaptable.

Comparing SOAP with REST

To better understand the differences between SOAP and REST, here is a quick comparison in a table format:

Feature	SOAP	REST
Protocol vs. Style	SOAP is a protocol with strict rules	REST is an architectural style, not a protocol
Data Format	XML	Typically JSON (but can also be XML)
Security	Built-in security (WS-Security)	Relies on HTTPS for security
Error Handling	Detailed error handling with <fault> element	Custom error messages via HTTP status codes
Performance	Slower due to XML overhead	Faster and more efficient with JSON
Stateful/Stateless	Can be stateful or stateless	Stateless by design
Ease of Use	More complex and harder to implement	Simpler to implement and easier to use
Use Case	Enterprise systems, financial transactions, healthcare	Web and mobile applications, lightweight services

Demo Example: SOAP Request for Weather Service

<?php

$wsdl = "http://www.webserviceX.NET/WeatherService.asmx?WSDL";

$client = new SoapClient($wsdl);

$params = array(

'CityName' => 'Ho Chi Minh',

'CountryName' => 'Viet Nam'

);

try {

$response = $client->__soapCall('GetWeather', array($params));

echo "Weather Information: ";

var_dump($response);

} catch (SoapFault $e) {

echo "Error: " . $e->getMessage();

}

Conclusion

SOAP remains a powerful option for applications that require robust security, reliability, and compliance with strict standards. Its use in industries such as finance, healthcare, and government proves its importance in scenarios where data integrity, encryption, and transaction management are essential.

References

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Felbrusboot.camp%2Fblog%2Fsoap-api%2F&psig=AOvVaw0udBlzsbrKqHfROiFcaqbP&ust=1733389745020000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBQQjRxqFwoTCMjOsIfijYoDFQAAAAAdAAAAABA1

What is CI/CD?

1. What is CI/CD?

2. Why use CI/CD?

3. Disadvantages.

4. Software\tools commonly used for CI/CD process.

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